Later automatism played some part in the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and others and was an important element in the European movements of art informel and arte nucleare. Various forms of automatic drawing and painting were developed by artists such as Joan Miro, Andre Masson as well as Ernst. ![]() Ernst also used frottage (rubbing) and grattage (scraping) to create chance textures within his work. Surrealist collage, putting together images clipped from magazines, product catalogues, book illustrations and other sources, was invented by Max Ernst, and was the first form of automatism in visual art. ![]() Breton and others produced the earliest examples of automatism in their automatic writings, aiming to write as rapidly as possible without intervening consciously to guide the hand.
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